ߴ
20171210գ
ıʻ˾ʮɣѾߵյ㣬ʧܶգ ʤߵףأ
һ
2017 12 4 һ߷ԺĴٻղþߺġ֤Ը顷ܾˡյ߷IJöıöʵϾһӢ֣ܾ
죬ߺڴ˳ʧܣⳡʮꡢӻ㷨Ժ߷Ժ¹˾İߣб漰֧ߣʻᷨɹʦ ԼĴײʦʾףأӮˣ
ÿӸӿ߷ԺԸԼ 8,000 ߷ԺѡԼ 80 µḽ̌ѹһꡣҲ˵߷ԺĵбꡱʣԼΪ 1%
֪ϣ 1% 100%Ŭߵȫյ㣬ԲȦԲˡ
ߺʻ߷ɳĵһοͥ 2007 12 3 ţպʮꡣ죬ʻ鳤ԣŦԼӦߣƽ֧ͥӦߡ
齹ΪıʻǷܷȨǷַԭȨͳȨ
ݵĻʵж
1ˡĻһƪԼ 15,000 ̽ѧijģ飬ջ֡ӡŹšӪݶԡĺ ڰԬġʥ־ 2006 7 ºϡĺȻ ߺ̰ĸ֤֮ףΨһнһǰ֤ݣӶɱʵ
2ʱһ꣬ȴʼһ֤ܾ顣ı绤ʵԴ֮㽫ȫ绤ķ˷ϡΪʻһ˽֯һܷȨ塣
ʣ˾ʻġӮӮڴ˷ɻϣߺġ䡱Ҳڴ˷ɻϡ
Ȼʮ˾սУߺҲӮС1淴ԭϣⷨԺأ2ʻŷԺȨ˽֯ڲⷨԺء
ܱӮһܷȨȨ֮˾ʵͳɵսѼ¼ڰ
һսܷ˽ãApplicability of Constitution in Private Laws
ܷΪ֮ףܷѧ綨Ϊһŵ빫ϵķɡͳֻܷۣܷĴֱЧVertical effectǿڴǰ֤ܷȨַܷȨȨۣܷȨַȨڹȨڹ϶ԹܷȨȨض˽ܷҲӦͿԵ֮䡢뷨֮˽ϵ
Ȼ˽Σܷ˾ְŷʷһԴԶĴͳԽһֱй˽Σ˽ΡܷԹ淶ԼġDZΪȨֱܷǹȨһ䡣ȻŷʲܺսʤרȨһԳɹһ̱
Ȼκнģν̲˼ԶսԽܷ¾е˾á˽Ч⣬ڸǴ½ϵǺϵܷȨȨۺ˾ʵУ½ճ̣ǿҲ˵ܷȨմͳڹ淶빫Ĺϵ⣬һ̶ϡһΧڣضڵ淶빫뷨֮˽ϵ
УǰеҪ¹ڵ¹ܷ˽ã౻ΪƽЧhorizontal effectֵ䡱Value Radiation͡Чindirect effectܷۡļֵԣֱӴ¹ϵ˳ܷ˽ãͨɫġɫState Actor͡ΪState Actionۣ߷ԺһϵͷͰֵġ˽з˱ܷȨİټ繫˾ѧУֲ֯ȵȡ
Ȼʹ˿ɱͨؽͺۡɫ͡ΪǰᣬԺӻ㷨Ժ߷ԺȴСǰᣬڡһ̶ϡһΧڣضϣ˱˵еĶıʻӦ֮ΪһܷȨȨ塣
˵ȻҪȥս˽ͳսֻܷȨȨ˾ʵУֶԸôͳĽͽãԼɴ˽Ĺܷ֮Ȩʵеܵȱλá
ĵڶսڣӮǷһ˽֯
ΪκΡ˽֯ȷ˽вȨΪ䷨ɻͷǰᡣȻˣôΪӮ˵Ķıʻᣬ˭أ
ڡ˭ǷӮ֯ߣWho is NPOs owner?һͨ⣬лش𣺡ˡNo one룺ûκθˣģҲлش˻ÿһˡNo one and every one.ġܷѧԴзۣڷӮ֯κ˽һϣѧûκηġ
ԣ˵ʻһ˽֯ô˭֣»𣿣Ȼǡɴ˿ɼ˵ʻһ˽֯ӲȨǶʵûзɻġDZ绤ʦԺԴ˾һɲȡ˻ر̬ȡ
ܷȨ˾ʵУҪôɫҪô˽˽ɫֶһѡ;ޣԤڽ˾ʵУᱻưϵسֳ
ĵսǣᡱNEDĻ𣬾˽лΪաȨָ1987Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987κȡߣһعȨijֱȡǸ
˵һ⣬˵һ⡣ΪƺôԡʵNEDֵİףNEDԼĹļУڳϵġNEDĴNEDʽȲÿ겦ѹڣЩǿԹĵ
ʻʮNEDܼѳ160ԪNEDȷΪôաȨָ1987ʻҲȻɱΪһȨȨˣʹϱʻν˽֯ҲƷԡ
Ҳ֪ǷNEDʮһӷ⡪NED˽˻𡪡İţʹɱ߷Ժ֮߸ˣгһȻᱻư
ô˵˰һǰˡ
ǵʮǰǿ䡢ŵʮǸߺ̰-ͷһ仰ǣΪ˱ʻİʮԹ϶һѳΪʷջףΪ˾³̶¾սĸߺڶŵһְס켺˷һдƪ۱ʻľϡ֮ıʻǸӰˣǸӻˣ
ıʻᣬǵΨһһԱɺ纣ڹڰϷڡһй塣ȻԴNED̶ʮ꣬ڲÿڼй嶥ݼӢǣĸ߹dzеǸĶһһ㡢һ˿һ𣿣
ܳࡢӵ¡ߺȺɡĺƽеġдйһѹƲͬ۵㡢ѹѹʱƽ˵ɱԣΪDzһ̸κѹơ
ߺʻͷͷǸոõENDһǮȲĿб˽ңҪйԼӦʱѧԨʻῪߺַ繲ʱ֣DZɱԣΪвһ̸ϸܺѹơ
У֮㡢ЩȺı־Դְ顰йȨϯġϯơȨʱߺ֣ƼΪκϯϯϯҲӦʵƱ㱻һҧΪʱеıһޣɱԣûйһʲôȨܡ
ȵȡȵȡ
ʵ˭˵ûоͿʼˡ鷴ȺйȨڵй̨ϵIJıһ־˵ȡĵξУȻܵģûеȴܵġԵһݲɨɨ£ʮȥ˻һɢɳ״ͳͳ֮Ϊܣǹ̫ƻǻƿЦģЦġ
̶ʮ꣬һһʱԳҪ롰ˡޣDzˡĶıʻᣬûаѡˡʣٴֳ˫̥ʻ֮кüʽǷԸȥлˡ
йȺإ꣬إ֮飬֪ҵǡҵǶִδ˵һžܾ֮Ϊ飻ԾһҶȺ壬Ŷôûʵɣҡǹ١
ȻʻᱻǣһʮɣϾӮˣ
ģ
ڴˣҪѧѧԺоԱʾҳߵľ⣬ֱ̣һֱͬܵ
һҪлǹٺͱʻһֱע֧Ŵ˰ǣʮһֱܰĹذֺ֧
ҪرлһλʮһֱĬĬŵΪǿӢĺܵѡ˰ûʦȴûλṩӢֵ֧ѡʮİ˵ǧҳ֮࣬еÿһӢĵʣÿһ㣬ĹĿͰѹءԼרҵְΪⰸʽʱȵþȲ20ǰʶڸոĻϣԼ5Dzŵһμ档ʿȴһֱԺɸֵϧˡڶ˼Dz磬ȴδǵйһ˿϶
ʮôһʧܶյĹ˾ֵ벻ֵҪ˵˹˾ǽʦȥģջһ䡱֣Ǿ͵Ȼֵˡ˰ѼϼܣʹҲòԸɡҵʦһ˾ȫԸʱʮأеʧֻ迴ԺŶȻȥմߵСͥߣʮĽ죬˾Ȼ߷ԺǷԹԺǰӦԣ磬Ϳ֪ʮ˾Ƿ״Ƿջˡʮ˾ʮǰɰԣʮѵѧԺӢרѧУͥʦʵѵһˣһ˾Ҳֵˡ
ҴպרŽһıʻܷȨȨվ˰йذСӢıͳͳȥ˻ȥĺоıʻʷҲΪйȺķչݱ䣬һκһ֧ʷΪġܷȨеġӮܷ֯Ȩ֮˾ʷһ˼Ͳοĸ
ĩˣһҪйáߡлûǵıߣ˹˾ߵɳһ̡
ˣıʻᣬҳѾµһҳǰˣ
20171210 ŦԼ


[] 
